Exception Handling

• Exceptions come in two flavors: checked and unchecked.
• Checked exceptions include all subtypes of Exception, excluding classes that extend RuntimeException.
• Checked exceptions are subject to the handle or declare rule; any method that might throw a checked exception (including methods that invoke methods that can throw a checked exception) must either declare the exception using throws, or handle the exception with an appropriate try/catch.
• Subtypes of Error or RuntimeException are unchecked, so the compiler doesn't enforce the handle or declare rule. You're free to handle them, or to declare them, but the compiler doesn't care one way or the other.
• If you use an optional finally block, it will always be invoked, regardless of whether an exception in the corresponding try is thrown or not, and regardless of whether a thrown exception is caught or not.
• The only exception to the finally-will-always-be-called rule is that a finally will not be invoked if the JVM shuts down. That could happen if code from the try or catch blocks calls System.exit().
• Just because finally is invoked does not mean it will complete. Code in the finally block could itself raise an exception or issue a System.exit().
• Uncaught exceptions propagate back through the call stack, starting from the method where the exception is thrown and ending with either the first method that has a corresponding catch for that exception type or a JVM shutdown (which happens if the exception gets to main(), and main() is "ducking" the exception by declaring it).
• You can create your own exceptions, normally by extending Exception or one of its subtypes. Your exception will then be considered a checked exception, and the compiler will enforce the handle or declare rule for that exception.
• All catch blocks must be ordered from most specific to most general. If you have a catch clause for both IOException and Exception, you must put the catch for IOException first in your code. Otherwise, the IOException would be caught by catch(Exception e), because a catch argument
• can catch the specified exception or any of its subtypes! The compiler will stop you from defining catch clauses that can never be reached.
• Some exceptions are created by programmers, some by the JVM.